Paul Kane, Frontier Artist. Since Christopher Columbus first met American Indians in 1492,

many Europeans had been fascinated by Indian life and culture. As a result, there was a demand in

Europe for drawings and paintings of Native Americans. European artists who had never seen

an Indian supplied most of this demand. But in the 19th century, several painters traveled into

Indian territory to make an authentic record of native life. One of the first artists to do this

was the American painter George Catlin. In 1841, Catlin published a book of his work.

Catlin's work helped inspire another important frontier artist, the Canadian Paul Kane.

Paul Kane was born in Ireland in 1810. His family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada when Paul was

nine years old. The young boy was not very interested in school. At that time, there

were still Indians living in wigwams in the Toronto area. Young Paul liked visiting the

Indian village instead of going to school. Since Paul spent little time in school, he

was largely a self-taught artist. He also became a surprisingly good writer, considering

that he had not spent much time studying spelling or grammar. After working some years making

and decorating furniture,

Kane was ready to travel.

He spent the years from 1836 to 1841

living and traveling in the United States.

Then he traveled in Europe from 1841 to 1843,

studying the great painters of the past.

He was back in the USA until 1845,

and then he returned to Toronto.

Immediately upon his return,

Kane headed into the wilderness areas

around Georgian Bay,

Sault Ste. Marie,

and Lake Michigan.

His plan was to sketch Indian life before it disappeared forever.

American Indians were dying so rapidly from European diseases,

such as measles and smallpox,

that many people believed they would soon vanish as a race.

Their culture was threatened, too.

As white settlers demanded more land,

Indians were being herded into small pieces of land called reservations.

Here they could no longer practice their traditional way of life.

Kane wanted to capture Native American life while it still existed.

Kane returned to Toronto at the end of 1845.

He had received one good piece of advice, and that was if he wanted to travel into the wilderness,

he would have to go with experienced people.

He was able to get the support of the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simpson.

In May 1846, Kane joined the annual canoe fleet of fur traders going west.

Kane would travel all through the wilderness areas of western Canada and northwestern USA.

During this time, he made hundreds of sketches of Indian life.

Although Cain faced incredible hardships during his travels, he was able to see what he wanted to see.

He was able to take part in one of the last great buffalo hunts and killed two large bison himself.

Traveling west with the fur traders, he visited many forts and trading posts.

He saw and painted a prairie fire.

He shot a grizzly bear at close range and killed several wolves that attacked his horses.

He learned to travel long distances on snowshoes in winter.

Finally, he arrived at the Pacific coast, where he made some fine drawings of the West Coast Indians.

European diseases had reached there just before Cain.

1,500 Indians had died near Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1848.

One wealthy chief had ruled 1,000 warriors and had 10 wives, 4 children, and 18 slaves.

Now, he had only one wife, one child, and two slaves.

Cain had not come too soon.

However, there were tribes still unaffected by Western culture and Western diseases.

Cain also traveled widely around the Columbia River in northwestern USA.

Everywhere he went, he sketched Indian chiefs and scenes of native life.

On his return trip, he encountered a large war party of 1,500 braves on the warpath

against their traditional enemies.

He was able to sketch the leading chief, Big Snake,

who was later killed in single combat during the battle.

When he arrived back in Toronto,

Kane gave an exhibit of his sketches and watercolors.

Most of the rest of his life was spent turning these drawings into finished paintings.